Mental health Essay

Psychotherapy is more internal, and deep. It is more focused on the past, whereas counseling is more focused on the present. In psychotherapy, insight is more important than change, and the therapist’s role is as more of an expert. Psychotherapy is also long-term, where counseling is usually more short term. Counseling focuses on the Wellness Model –understanding the person in their context (job/family/community) 3. Discuss what is meant by counseling being an Art? Even though counseling techniques can be subjective and creative like an art, is still uses technique and strategies, and has standards that must be met. 4. ACA, CACREP, NBCC, APGA. ACA – American Counseling Association CACREP – Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs NBCC – National Board for Certified Counselors APGA – American Personnel and Guidance Association 5. 4 personal qualities counselors should have Curiosity Ability to listen and be empathetic Ability to have a conversation Empathy and Understanding Emotional Insightfulness Capacity for Self Denial Tolerance for Intimacy Comfortable with Power Goodwill – Do No Harm Self Awareness Maintaining Effectiveness Remaining Objective Accepting and Confronting Situations Ability to Laugh Intellectual Competence Energy. Flexibility Support 6. Briefly discuss burnout and 2 ways to avoid it or lessen the likelihood it will occur Burnout is the physical, mental and emotional exhaustions brought on by involvement over prolonged periods with emotionally demanding situations and people. Understand that you are there to support the client and lead them to empowerment, not to â€Å"fix† them. Some ways to avoid burnout are to seek counseling yourself, seeking supervision and guidance, taking a break or a vacation, joining a peer support group, getting regular exercise, meditation, taking time to enjoy hobbies, and seeking support from family and friends. Traumatic events in the counselor’s personal life may contribute to the stress felt when dealing with client issues at the same time. 7. Know terms Ethics is a discipline within philosophy that is concerned with human conduct and moral decision making and are the ideal standards expected by a profession. It governs relationships within a profession Morals are determined within a broad context of culture of society. They are our own and are often influenced by family, community and religion Laws dictate minimum standards of behavior that a society will tolerate Autonomy respects the freedom of choice Nonmaleficence Do not harm. Beneficence Be helpful and do not blame Justice Fairness to all clients Veracity Being honest and upfront Fidelity Loyalty and faithful to what my profession dictates Vicarious Liability- individuals who have control and authority over others will be held accountable for their negligence. (Supervisor is responsible for the actions he/she supervises) Common Law laws that developed as a result of court decisions (set by judicial precident) Regulations accepted guidelines set forth by a profession Federal Laws trumps rules and is established as the minimum requirements set by the government Rules established within the system. Tort Law law resulting from the private sector (laws that result from the suffering or harm from the private sector) 8. Be able to distinguish between Principle Ethics and Virtue Ethics Principal ethics have their foundation in moral principles, which are agreed upon assumptions or beliefs about ideals that are shared by members of the helping profession. ( â€Å"What should I do† [respect for autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, fidelity, veracity] ) Virtue ethics involve more than moral actions; they also involve traits of character or virtue. Virtue ethics focus on the actor rather than the action (â€Å"Who should I be† [integrity, discernment, acceptance of emotion, self-awareness, interdependence with the community]) 9. Know the reasons for ethical codes Ethical codes give our profession credibility, protects us from government interference, helps to reduce malpractice, protects the clients welfare, ensures accountability within the profession 10. Be able to discuss the 4 beliefs of counseling professionals or identify in a short vignette 1. The best perspective for assisting individuals is the wellness model of mental health. The goal is for each person to achieve positive mental health to the degree possible. Mental health is seen as occurring on a continuum. It accounts for functioning in family relationships, friendships, career, spirituality, leisure activities, physical health, living environment, financial status and sexuality. 2. Most of the issues that people face in life are developmental in nature and understanding the dynamics of human growth and development is essential to success as a helper. Since most problems are developmental, they are natural and normal. We all will experience certain things are different times of our lives. 3. Prevention and early intervention are far superior to remediation in dealing with personal and emotional problems. To do this, counselors provide education. Through education, the clients will have the necessary tools to meet the challenges later in life when encountered. 4. The goal of counseling is to empower individual clients and client systems to resolve their own problems independently of mental health professionals and to teach them to identify and resolve their own problems autonomously in the future. By teaching appropriate problem solving techniques, and increasing their self-understanding, it is hoped that the client will not always need assistance. 11. Be able to identify factors that influence culture 12. Race Ethnicity Nationality Gender Age Social Class Marital Status Sexual Orientation Disability Place of Residence Language Religion Other nonvisible 13. Be able to identify the important things to consider in crisis counseling Distinguish physiological responses from gestures. – Be aware of how things like eye contact can be cultural. Avoid using stereotypical conclusions regarding non verbal behavior Avoid imposing your values on an individual in a crisis situation ( what seems to you to be slef-defeating may actually be cultural in context) 14. Be able to identify and briefly discuss the three areas of Multicultural Competencies Self Awareness – Become aware of your own personal values, biases, assumptions Knowledge – Increase awareness of cultural values, biases, assumptions of diverse clients Skills – Develop culturally appropriate intervention strategies for diverse clients. 15. Be able to identify and briefly discuss the assumptions regarding values AND ways to minimize imposing values on clients Be careful not to project your own values or interests onto the client. Lead them to the outcome that they are comfortable with. Be sure to take into consideration cultural influences, religious influences, etc. There is no such thing as an absolute value that exists objectively. Each person is responsible for their own values system. Acknowledge tendency to see clients as pathological when dealing with personal values. Accept clients as they are instead of sick of immoral because values systems do not conform. Inform yourself about eh varieties of values held in society. Be aware of your own values. Present value options in an unbiased manner. Be committed to freedom of choice of your clients. Respect clients who have values different than your own. Consult others when conflict exists. Refer clients to another counselor if conflicts cannot be resolved. 16. Know Confidentiality an ethical concept that refers to the counselor’s obligation to respect the client’s privacy and to our promise to clients that the information they reveal during counseling will be protected from disclosure without their consent. (Autonomy, respect, pledge of silence, utility) Privileged Communication a judge cannot order information that has been recognized by law as privileged to be revealed in court. Communications must originate in confidence. The element of confidentiality must be essential to the relationship. The relationship is one that needs to be carefully fostered. The injury to the relationship that disclosure of communications would cause must be greater than the benefit gained for the correct disposal of the litigation. Privacy The freedom of individuals to choose when they reveal their information. The right to keep the counseling relationship a secret. Afforded to all individuals in the 4th amendment. 17. Know the limits/exceptions to confidentiality and privileged communication 18. Client waives privilege Does not end in death Sharing with subordinates/superiors Protecting someone in danger Counseling multiple clients (group) Counseling Minors Court Ordered Legal Protections for Counselors in dispute 19. Be able to identify potential legal issues 20. Know SOAP Subjective (â€Å"use quotes†, write whatever the client reports) Objective (info from the counselor, assessments, reports) Assessments (impression of S and O. Does everything measure up? ) Plans (diagnosis and treatment plan with goals and objectives) DAPData (Objective information) Assessment ( counselor’s interpretation of the data) Plan (what you intend to do and what you what to accomplish) 21. Be able to discuss reasons for writing case notes and goals of writing case notes It helps to see your client as a total person. Helps to remember client details. Notes are not meant to be a transcript. It is an integrated view of the interaction. For review by many others who are in on the care of the patient. 22. Be able to identify things that might be considered â€Å"records† related to clients/students in the counseling profession Phone calls, emails, appointments, bills, parking passes, payment records, physical recordings, audio recordings, case notes 23. Know the questions to consider when writing/thinking about clinical notes Be concise. Be transparent. Don’t put something in a record that you would not want to be made public. â€Å"Just the facts. † 24. Be able to identify who might read clinical notes Supervisors, transcribers, other clinicians, lawyers, attendings 25. Be able to discuss problems/issues related to using various forms of technology related to information about clients/students. Security is hard to secure electronically. Files can be intercepted. Phone calls can be intercepted. FB allows for multiple people to see and access information. Confidentiality cannot be guaranteed. 26. How might you ensure confidentiality related to various forms of technology Encryption. Fax cover sheets. Getting written instructions as to how and when and where to present and what data can be presented.

Mathematics, the Connection Between Art and Science Essay

Although there are many differences that set art and science apart, they share one undeniable commonality. This bond that is present between what is otherwise considered as polar opposites is mathematics. As shown in Professor Vesna’s lecture, mathematics is imperative to the development of art. Through math, artists have come to understand perspective, proportion, and geometrics. In terms of science, mathematics is the foundation which every theory stands upon. Nature, humans, and the digital world would have been impossible to comprehend without numbers to bridge the gap between the unknown and the understood. Truly, mathematics is ubiquitous and continues to prove its importance to this day. A novel amalgamation that consists of mathematics, art, and science is music. Milkman, an artist of the mash-up genre, is a musician that samples different songs and digitally combines them to form a brand new track. In a way, his work is described as an example of cross synthesis or convultion which according to Burk is some aspect of one sound superimposed on another. To harmoniously combine two different songs, one must fully understand every possible correlation in terms of rhythm, melody, and lyrics. And with mathematics and science making the technology available, the art of mashing up songs has become readily accessible and requires only creativity to create the next hit single. Mathematics has almost an infinite range of applications in society today. For example, Robert Lang presents mathematics as part of the core that drives origami, the art of folding paper. Lang shows that complexity is irrelevant; with mathematics to dictate origami, anything can be shaped. Because of its practicality of compacting large things, origami is used in various sectors of science which include telescope lens packing and heart stents. Another example of math’s prevalence is Theo Jansen’s presentation on his kinetic sculptures. His biological art, able to move independently, essentially redefines the wheel. Not only is it artistic but also it is a masterpiece of engineering; just a simple push can propel a massively heavy structure across difficult terrain. It is evident that math not only facilitates the evolution of artistic creations but also helps apply them as potential solutions to problems of today.

Female and Gender Leadership Essay

1. Abstract The theme/topic of thesis is: Female and Gender Leadership. The main issue or mater of thesis work is to make research of male and female leadership and management style. Investigate in order to be clear about male and female leadership starting from definition of it, and continue with data collection in order to prove it. It is obvious that leadership is a male dominated one, and female have some advantages and disadvantages, also prejudice and differ style of leadership. It is very interesting to know and analyze leadership and management, which can bring some ideas and data transformation of some information to the thesis. One of the major things is to collect, analyze answers and identify leadership of male and female. Mostly, I am taking into account leadership style and management of both genders. Therefore, female and male in leadership is one of the actual and continues study, which take interest of many people. To make research about men and women in leadership, how they use styles of leaders, what they do in order to be effective and how they work with their followers of different gender. What the main features of leaders they hold, how they make improvements and what they do for professional increase. Today, both women and men are trying to be equivalent in many ways of daily life; however, in work they are keeping style of leadership according to the job occupation. Anyway, what the main distinguishes between female and male, what kind of attempt they are making? How they cope with different tasks in various spheres, remaining to the own basic of behavior, skills and attitude. 3 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova 2. Introduction My master thesis Female and Gender Leadership I am starting from introduction to the writing work, than writing about theoretical framework and research methodology, after that continue with research and investigation, which includes research question and answers on it through theory about leaders, leadership and management, leadership style of male and female, than about research study and finding. It is the main of research writing in the thesis. Who are leaders, what it is leadership and management, and style of female and male in leadership. It is known that females want to reach top management and have some barriers and traits toward it. At the same time, there is common knowledge that men have leaders’ positions in politics and education sphere. However, my research is mostly about what the main differences in a leadership and management of female and male. Though, as female one, it is very interesting for me to make research about gender leadership, it means about men and women, what the differences or  similarities, how they as leaders deal with leadership, how they develop themselves in order to have followers whom lead willingly. How men and women are getting characteristics to be competent, progressive, well-informed, purposeful and professional in a dynamic environment or simply saying in a daily changed world. What male and female do and what kind of features they are obtaining being qualified as leaders. 4 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova 3. Theoretical framework The theoretical framework is a collection of interrelated concepts, like a theory. Theoretical framework guides research, determining what things will be measured and statistical relationships of it. Theoretical frameworks are obviously critical, theory-testing sorts of studies. In those kinds of studies, the theoretical framework must be very specific and well-thought out. Theoretical frameworks are also important in research studies, where I as researcher really don’t know much about what is going on, and trying to learn more. There are some reasons why theoretical frameworks are important. First of all, no matter how little person think what she/he know about topic, and how she/he neutral or independent in the way of thinking, it is impossible for a human being not to have preconceived notions. For example, some people fundamentally believe that people are basically untrustworthy, and you have keep your wits about you to avoid being conned. These fundamental beliefs about human nature affect how person on things when doing personal research. In this sense, researcher is always being guided by a theoretical framework, but she/he don not know it. The framework tends to guide what investigator notice in research, and what she/he don not mention. Therefore, saying by other words, you don’t even notice things that don’t  fit your framework. We can never completely get around this matter, but we can reduce this issue considerably by simply making our implicit framework explicit. Once it is explicit, we can deliberately consider other frameworks, and try to see the research question, answers, findings, situation through different lenses. In my thesis I am using theory about leaders, management, leadership styles of males and females. 5 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova 4. Methods for data collection 4.1. Research methodology and methods The process of collecting data that can present relevant aspects of methods, which is used in this thesis is articles, journals, books, and internet. During reading and analyzing some information from above mentioned sources the related data can be picked up and gathered in order to show the appropriate research data. Methodology is a very important while conducting any type of research; it helps to follow how the study/investigation can be accomplished. Qualitative method is one of the best approaches to use for study and research question. This type of research helps me as investigator to understand and explain the meaning of leadership for men and women. The qualitative research has the possibility to form a whole from different parts. I am using qualitative method in order to make research by choosing, gathering relevant information, using an articles/journals, books, and information from web.sites. Qualitative method is appropriate to make analyzes of research data, give answers on research question and will bring out to the openings or findings. To open something new is equal to make findings and understand the meaning of research. Taking into consideration this, I would state that research is significant because of real and actual importance of leadership. The theme of female and gender leadership is continues. Many interesting things and findings could be done since men and  women interested in developing leaders and followers of both gender. 6 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova 5. Research question and Investigation As for research question of my thesis, it is the following: What are the differences of male and female leadership and management style? It is generally known that leadership is a male dominated one, however women are trying to enter leadership places and adopting men’s style. Both, male and female are having different style of leadership. Therefore, what are the main reasons that male are holding leader positions and female are having some barriers to the leadership and management positions. Though, my research is based on theory about leaders, leadership and management, male and female leadership style. That’s why I am using qualitative method in my research, and I am making investigation of research issue by using relevant information from articles, journals, books, and information from internet, web sites. To analyze a research data, found out answers and open new findings for my self as researcher is the core of the thesis. It is common knowledge, that female want to reach top management and they have some barriers and traits toward high positions and promotions to the top. Also, it is obvious that men have leaders’ positions in many spheres. However, my research is mostly about differences in a leadership and management of females and males. 7 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova 5.1. Natural born leaders ‘If your actions inspire others to dream more, learn more, do more and become more, you are a leader’. John Quincy Adams, http://www. wisdomquotes.com/cat_ leadership.html In my thesis I am wiring about leaders, about leadership and management, how I understand it and I continue by male’s and female’s leadership and management style, than mostly focusing on differences between male and female in leadership. I found out that book of Blank Warren about leadership and natural born leaders approach is very interesting and actual. It opens point of view that people not only born as leaders, but also can obtain tools and to be skillful leaders. Therefore, people with gained skills of leaders are needy and this necessity is important always. That continual, progressive and sudden change in today’s competitive environment requires better leadership. Author, Blank Warren, (2001) gives the next definition of natural born leaders: ‘The dictionary defines the word natural as found in nature; without man-made changes; real, not artificial or manufactured; innate, not acquired.’ I agree with this definition and point of view, that people are natural born leaders. It means that leaders may get leadership skills and knowledge during their study in school, college, university, trainings, work, seminars, and so forth. Though, society grew up leaders by influencing via education, view of world, various trainings and workshops, seminars. In addition, author stated that people not naturally born to lead. It proves his statement that people are natural born leaders, but they are getting skills and knowledge about leadership. With time people obtain skills to lead others. Therefore, leader is a person who gains followers at will. Leader provides followers by direction and support, also influencing them by using own skills. Because of that, author proposes that some people are natural born leaders, they demonstrate 8 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova specific skills in spontaneous, consistent manner and others follow willingly. Leading is a process of interaction between the leader and follower. If no followers and no one follow, there is no a leader and leadership. The right definition, which Blank Warren, (2001) conclude, is that ‘The natural born leader label is an attribution made to those who master the skill set related to gaining willing followers. No one is born with these skills.’ So, it means that leaders master their skills and only exceptional one can be described as natural born leader. Indisputably, some people are born with features of leaders, which help them to master skills of leadership more effectively. Such people have an inherent ability and perform and express themselves naturally in their area or sphere. However, that kind of individuals needs to have opportunity, support, encouragement, and training from people surrounded them. Therefore, everyone has a natural born capabilities and talents to lead, because it is normal for people to respond to nurture. It means that people have innate ability to learn and grow. It proves that all people can improve their native, creative, intellectual capability by learning and excising the skills of best leaders. The leader skill level grows, develops, prospers, and they can gain more followers in spontaneous, effortless, consistent, and frequent way. This style and way of natural born leaders attract more and more people as followers. If person can understand own capabilities and shape abilities by excising skills of learning, practice and feedback. In order to be effective leader, individual can improve himself and work with native and acquired skills. In this book, Blank Warren proposed one hundred and eight skills which portrait a natural born leader. The main of them are self-awareness, a capacity to build rapport, and an ability to clarify expectations. Individual as a leader provide direction to people who do not know what to do. ‘People need 9 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova direction when the organizational structure can not or does not provide it. No organization can create a perfect bureaucracy. Established organizational systems may not offer useful guidance in the face of dramatic change,’ Blank Warren, (2001). When a leader masters his/her skills and become an expert leader, so he/she can direct and lead willingly not only other person, but also large groups. Leaders who have a broad and global view can bring others out as leaders. Leaders have to maintain their obtained skills and improve new in order to be active during the difficult times. The following characteristics of person as apathy, arrogance, and self-deception destroy leadership potential. It was pointed out that more and better leaders are needed in organizations at all level. According to the self-awareness the leader have to use this skill that helps to be clear and manage his time, attention and actions. The fundamental of leadership growth is self-awareness that is internal one and each person can know and understand it fully by analyzing inner world. Leaders with self-awareness may listen and learn and to try new things. So, self-awareness is an important characteristic which give to leader possibility for proper use of time, focus of attention and performance of action. Self-awareness plays a big role for leaders and helps for continues process of getting skills and work under self-perfection. The leaders’ quality characterize by self-reliant, principled, genuine, courageous, resolute, moral, stable, and trustworthy features. In addition, passion is one of the main characteristic which motivates leaders to lead. These qualities put together the image of leaders. Leaders work under self-development, get feedback and connect up their left-brain dominance (logical, rational) and right-brain dominance (intuitive, creative). Master leaders maximize their brainpower with whole brain thinking. A capacity to build rapport’ is one of a big reason that some people gain as attribution of natural born leader, Blank 10 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova Warren, (2001). Respect creates the interpersonal bond and sense of unity that is basic in a leader wants to gain willing followers. The best leaders build respect to reacquire the allegiance necessary for success, to create customer connections and partnership, and to fulfill the needs of the relation sphere. To get know people, display good manners, and to be pleasant are technical and emotional skills of rapport. Another one is an ability to clarify expectations, which is important thing for leaders. I would say that all people born as natural leaders; however they can show, apply and use their skills, attitude in accordance with activities, situation, and work. They improve skills and work under leader’s features. As for leaders as natural born, they could be male or female since leadership doesn’t have gender. Men and women also could obtain skills of leaders during their childhood, study in school and university, by getting experience and influencing by environment. The following factors influence on leadership skills such as characterization or behavior of men or women, education (school, university), job experience (work place or job occupation). Therefore, men and women can obtain leadership skills and use them according to the situation, environment and work place. However, men dominate in politics, education sphere. As for women, they remain to fill their niche as teachers, salespeople, managers, etc. If we consider leaders and managers, it is obvious that most of men are taking leaders role and position, and women are managers. ‘The very essence of leadership is that you have to have a vision’. Theodore Hesburgh, http://www.wisdomquotes.com/cat_leadership.html Let’s look what is categories and types of leadership? What are the differences of men’s and women’s leadership style and management? Leadership is a skill that an individual may keep and 11 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova posses. One can categorize the exercise of leadership as either actual or potential: Actual – giving guidance or direction, for instance: a teacher being a leader to a student. Potential – the capacity or ability to lead; as in the concept born to lead, it means that leader have potential to lead. Though, leadership can have a formal aspect, for instance as in most political or business leadership and an informal one as in most friendships. Speaking of leadership – it is the abstract term, rather than of leading – it is the action, usually implies that the entities doing the leading have some leadership skills. So, we know basic category of leadership is actual/potential; than formal/informal; and another categorization is that there are 3 types of leadership: 1) Authoritarian Leadership (Autocratic style), which provides clear expectations for what needs to be done; 2) Participative Leadership (Democratic style) – this style is generally the most effective. Democratic leaders offer guidance to the group, but also participative in the group and allow input from other members. 3) Delegative (Laissez-Fair style) – this type of leadership consider to be less productive among above mentioned. Most of men are holding autocratic style of leadership, but it depends from sphere and location. As for women, some of them are combining autocratic and democratic style, some are keeping democratic one. The relation of leadership and management is continuous process. I would say that when people are mentioning leadership they still note management. It is connected to the psychology of leadership: one of the differentiating factors between management and leadership is the ability or even necessity to inspire and inspiration. A leader may be deifined as one who can hold direction to an individual or group of individuals and will be using skills of psychology to  affect that group either consciously or subconsciously. 12 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova Those who seem to be natural leaders and effectively inspire groups without consciously acknowledging the strategies or tactics used are considered charismatic leaders. On the other hand, the conscious leader applies a variety of psychological tactics that affect the reactions of a group to the environment they exist in. According to the organizational psychology disciplines, leadership is a product of awareness and command of the reactions and influences of a group on the individual, as well as the individual on the group. A leader’s successful application of directive organizational psychology by modifying specific consistent behaviors towards the group may raise changes in the organizational culture. The level of passion and efficiency that is developed in the culture will be defined by the emotional drive fulfilled by a directive leader’s ability to create a greater purpose with the group. What makes effective leadership? Leadership keeps up its effectiveness by natural sequence according to established rules. The simplest way to measure the effectiveness of leadership to involve evaluating process, later he/she can as leader master it. However, this approach may measure power rather than leadership. To measure leadership more specifically, one may assess the extent of influence on the followers, that is, the amount of leading. Effective leaders generate higher productivity and opportunities. Leaders create results, reach goals, and realize vision and objectives quickly and with high level of quality. The functional leadership model conceives leadership as a set of behaviors that helps a group perform a task, reach their goal, or perform their function. In this model, effective leaders encourage functional behaviors and discourage dysfunctional ones. Leader has the function of clearing the path toward the goals of the group, by meeting the needs of subordinates. The quality of the leadership process: An effective leader has to get a group of potentially diverse and talented  people, many of whom have strong personalities to work together toward a common output. 13 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova The following suggested qualities of leadership: technical and specific skills, charismatic inspiration it is attractiveness to others and the ability to leverage this regard to motivate others, clear sense of purpose, mission, clear goals, focus, commitment, results-orientation it is directing every action towards a mission via priority of activities to spend time where results most arise, cooperation, optimism. Ability to encourage and nurture those that report to them – delegate in such a way as people will grow, role models, self-knowledge, self-awareness an ability to lead. Leaders have to understand the environment, how they lead and how they affect and are affected by it. The leadership characteristics as innate labels some people as born leaders. Leadership development involves identifying and measuring leadership qualities, screening potential leaders, then training those with potential. Leadership skills mostly are a pattern of motives. The successful leaders will tend to have a high need for power, a low need for affiliation. Leadership behavior becomes a function not only of the characteristics of the leader, but of the characteristics of followers as well. These following determinants include: the nature of the task; organizational policies, climate, and culture; the preferences of the leader’s superiors; the expectations of peers; the reciprocal responses of followers. The nature of the problem, the requirements for accuracy, the acceptance of an initiative, time-constraints, cost constraints. The following cover leadership styles: articulate vision to followers, leaders display a passion, they engage in outstanding/extraordinary behavior, leaders show a high degree of faith, confidence, and persistence in them selves. Leaders need to have a very high degree of self-confidence and moral conviction. They see their followers as competent, credible, and trustworthy. Leaders communicate expectations of  high performance from their followers and strong confidence in their followers’ ability to meet such expectations and confidence in followers. Leaders motivate followers, leaders see as of special relevance to 14 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova the successful accomplishment of the vision and mission. To persuade followers to accept and implement change, outstanding leaders engage in frame alignment. This refers to the linkage of individual and leader interpretive orientations such that some set of followers’ interests, values, and beliefs, as well as the leader’s activities, goals, and ideology, becomes congruent and complementary. Leaders often, but not always, communicate their message in an inspirational manner using stories, slogans, and symbols. Even though these ten leadership behaviors and approaches do not really equate to specific styles, evidence has started to accumulate that a leader’s style can make a difference. Style becomes the key to the formulation and implementation of strategy and plays an important role in work-group members’ activity and in team citizenship. Little doubt exists that the way or style in which leaders influence work-group members can make a difference in their own and their people’s performance. For instance, how leaders and managers are differentiating? Leaders innovate, ask what and why, focus on people, do the right things, develop, inspire trust, have a longer-term perspective, have an eye on the horizon, originate, and show originality. As for managers, they administer, ask how and when question, focus on systems, do things right, maintain, rely on control. As for management styles, if we look to various styles of management, it depend on the culture of the business, the nature of the task, the nature of the work force and the personality and skills of the leaders too. The style of leadership is dependent upon the prevailing circumstances, therefore leaders should exercise a range of leadership  styles and should deploy them as appropriate. For example, an autocratic manager makes all the decisions, keeping the information and decision making among management personnel. The objectives and tasks are set and the workforce is expected to do exactly as required. The communication involved with this method is mainly downward, from the leader to the subordinate. The main advantage of this style is that the 15 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova direction of the business will remain constant, and the decisions will all be similar, this in turn can project an image of a confident, well managed business. On the other hand, subordinates may become highly dependent upon the leaders and supervision may be needed. Another form is also essentially dictatorial. However the decisions tend to be in the best interests of the employees rather than the business. The leader explains most decisions to the employees and ensures that their social and leisure needs are always met. This can help balance out the lack of worker motivation caused by an autocratic management style. This style can be highly advantageous, and can engender loyalty from the employees, leading to a lower labour turnover, thanks to the emphasis on social needs. It shares similar disadvantages to an authoritarian style; employees becoming highly dependent on the leader, and if the wrong decisions are made, then employees may become discontent with the leader. In a Democratic style, the manager allows the employees to take part in decision-making: therefore everything is agreed by the majority. The communication is extensive in both directions from subordinates to leaders and from leaders to subordinates. This style can be particularly useful when complex decisions need to be made that require a range of specialist skills. From the overall business’s point of view, job satisfaction and quality of  work will improve. However, the decision-making process is severely slowed down, and the need of a consensus may avoid taking the best decision for the business. It can go against a better choice of action. In a Laissez-faire leadership style, the leader’s role is peripheral and staff-manage their own areas of the business. Therefore, leader avoid uncoordinated delegation occurs. The communication in this style is horizontal, meaning that it is equal in both directions, however very little communication occurs in comparison with other styles. The style brings out the best in highly professional and creative 16 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova groups of employees, however in many cases it is not deliberate and is simply a result of poor management. This leads to a lack of staff focus and sense of direction, which in turn leads to much dissatisfaction, and a poor company image. The word leadership can refer to ability to get people to follow by their will. 5.2. Leadership and management. ‘True leaders have an uncanny way of enrolling people in their vision through their optimism – sometimes unwarranted optimism’, Bennis, W., and Nanus, B., 2004. To continue my thesis I am writing about leadership and management. In the book of Bennis, W., and Nanus, B. about the leadership and management I found out an interesting the author’s attempt which distinguish the leadership from management. This book described men’s leadership and management, also strategies of leadership. The main description here is that men use their power, status in leadership; also they are result-oriented and communicative. Authors stated that leadership skills were once thought a matter of birth. Leaders were born, not made summoned to their calling through some unfathomable process. This might be called the ‘Great Man’ theory of leadership. Here authors pointed out, that leaders are natural born and that environment, time, and situation dictate the style of  leadership. Here we can see that leaders mostly are male-politicians, they reviewed through leadership style and strategies of leadership. This research is based in interviews of leaders, gives a clarification to see what the difference between the leadership and management. The leadership and management are different because of the characteristics of leaders, also how leaders work and what are their attitudes to their followers, and how they achieve their goals. According to the authors’ opinion, leader should not only direct and exercise power, but also facilitate for teamwork. In order to identify the distinction between the leaders and managers, the book investigated the characteristics of 17 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova leadership, the role of social architecture, the significance of the visions of leaders, importance of optimism and trusteeship of leaders. According to this research, there is a big difference between management and leadership and both are important without doubt. As we know one of the prevalent expression is that managers are people who do things right and leaders is people who do the right thing. In other words, to manage – is to accomplish something, to have charge of/or responsibility to conduct. The definition of management – is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals. Management includes planning, organizing, resourcing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing contains the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources. Management can also refer to the person or people who perform the act of management. As for leading, is to influence, guide in direction, course, action, opinion. The leadership – is the process of influencing people while operating to meet organizational requirements and improving the organization through change. Leadership – as change agents who guide their followers onto new heights, while along the way, they develop and grow their followers. Leaders two driving goals should be make the organization a success. Anyone can become a leader that has the willingness and drive to achieve that goal. Traits can be changed or reduced by focusing upon the more desirable traits. But the better leaders concentrate on and grow their desirable traits so that they over-power their weaker traits. 18 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova Furthermore, a very important that there are four strategies of leadership: first of all, attention through vision, meaning through communication, trust through positioning and the deployment of self through positive self regard. These four strategies makes clear how the leaders become leaders, what kind of tools and mechanisms are used in order to achieve success. Regarding the first strategy, authors argue about the unity between the leaders and followers. By their opinion attention of leaders to followers is considered as one of the major strategies. In addition, in this part of strategy authors mention about the vision and organization. According to their research, the organization has a clear sense of its purpose, direction, and desired future state and when this image is widely shared, individuals are able to find their own roles in the organization. In other words, for the success of their organization leaders should deliver their vision for their followers. In the first strategy, research also took into account the importance of past, present and future. For the successful leadership the leader should analyze the whole nature of organization, including its past business, present situation and future vision. The second  strategy, so called meaning through communication also develops the importance of unity between leaders and followers. According to this research work, communication creates meaning for people. The only way any group, small or large, can become aligned behind the overarching goals of organization. In many big companies, leaders are just busy with their business meetings and because of their busy schedule they sometimes even don’t see often their workers. However, as it is argued, communication and interaction between the leaders and followers is very important. Regarding the second strategy it was also mentioned about the social architecture. By the author’s opinion social architecture is very important for leaders. They believe that social architecture presents a shared interpretation of organizational events, so that members know how they are 19 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova expected to behave. Organization’s social architecture serves as a control mechanism, proscribing particular kind of behavior. Social architecture is very important for leaders. It is argued that when organizations develop they might need to change or shape their market performance depending on the necessity. In this case it is very significant to take into consideration the social architecture as well. In general, the social architecture is a very important part in the company’s development, because it is built for many years. In some companies employees are used to work with the same structure and methods for a long period of time. Therefore, it is obvious when company wants to change its market performance it will meet difficulties. In the case of product changes and transformation, companies need at first to make a relevant approach to their followers. As for the third strategy, it is also considered as one of the most important ingredients of all organizations. According to authors view, Bennis, W., and Nanus, B., (2004) they maintain that, ‘trust is the emotional glue that binds followers and leaders together. It cannot be mandated or purchased, it must be earned. How the trust can be earned? and how long it will take to earn it? In order to earn the trust in the organization there should be teamwork policy. Organization should work as one team, and it can strengthen unity.’ Regarding the trust authors also argue that in order to earn trust there should be a clear interpretation of leader’s position and their vision of work for their followers. Like in the first and second strategies, the main point is that followers should have clear idea, what is the position and what are the main objectives of the organization. In addition, authors gave information about the concept of organizational positioning. In order to make it clear, their research makes a distinction between the human organizations and other organisms. In addition, according to their analysis, there are four main strategies that leaders choose in order to position their organization: reactive, change the internal environment, change 20 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova the external environment, and establish a new linkage between the external and internal environments. All of these strategies are purposed for leaders to earn trust, because all of the strategies are aimed to make a clear vision of the leader’s position to their followers. The last strategy is also very interesting, which is called deployment of self. This means that leaders are perpetual learners, some of the leaders learn from reading books while most of the leaders learn from other people. The research talks not only about how leaders learn, but also it makes a reference to organizational context. For example, it is stated that, organizational learning is the process by which an organization obtains and uses new knowledge, tools, behaviors, and values. It happens at all levels in the organization – among individuals and groups as well as system wide. The way that authors made clarification of differences between leadership and management is useful and interesting. I completely agree with them that in the current world it is very important for organizations to predict and oversee the future perspectives. Because, the success of the organization  and leadership depends not only past and current situation analysis, but also it highly depends upon the future vision of the leaders. Within this connection, this book very informative in terms of leadership perspectives since authors made accent on men style, strategies which can be used by leaders for their followers. My understanding of this definition and description is that men as leaders have to improve their skills and take into consideration that: ‘People don’t want to be managed. They want to be led.’ The whole book is dedicated to men as leaders, and authors gave examples of politicians, it proves that most of leaders are men. The same can be adapted to organization’s leadership. However, my writing is about men and women leadership and management differences. That’s why I will continue saying about female leadership and what the main differences from male one. 21 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova 5.3. Male’s and female’s style in leadership. ‘Finding roles for women isn’t the problem. Finding one for men is.’ Margaret Mead, http://www.albatrus.org/men_natural_leaders.htm As we know, women enter leadership sphere, which mainly occupied by men. The leadership styles of women and men are differs. What are the differences or similarities, what women and men do and how they deal with this? Mostly there is basic information about leadership styles of women and men on the example of autocratic and democratic styles of both men and women. The behavior of women and men in leadership style related to leadership roles. It is different for men and women and the fact that women face more barriers to become leaders, especially for leader roles that are male-dominated. This issue is usually discussed in terms of leadership styles, than behavior. Distinctions in styles can be important because they are one factor that may affect people’s views about whether women should become leaders. It is not surprising that women are the usual focus of discussions of the impact of  gender on leadership. From one side, the differences in leadership style can provide a rationale for excluding women from opportunities and especially from maledominated leadership roles. From another side, the perception of sameness would fail to acknowledge the relational qualities which are traditional source of female pride and that may contribute to superior performance by women leaders. But differences and similarity is not the main point. Therefore, leadership styles of women and men are different, probably because women more cooperative and collaborative, but less hierarchical, than men. However, men and women have different social roles, for instance in the family and employment place. The main differences of 22 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova men from women, that male are assertive, controlling, and confident tendency, for example: they characterized as ‘aggressive, ambitions, dominant, independent, self-confident and competitive’. On the contrary, women are ‘affectionate, kind, helpful, sympathetic, nurturant, interpersonally sensitive and gentle’, Alice H. Eagly, Linda L.Carli, (2003). Having different characteristics male and female try to adopt each others’ style of leadership in order to be competent in leader roles. Another point of view, that leadership doesn’t know the gender. The definition of leader is a person named by the group as the leader, person who group members perceive to be the leader, person who has the greatest influence on the groups’ decision and who actually performs leadership behaviors. According to the task behavior women emphasize production. They will continue their strong contributions to the task at hand when the group is doing well, where as men will reduce their contributions as the group does better. It was found out that female leaders spend more time  communicating about the task on hand than men, as they make more off-task comments. There are suggestions to strengthen females and their work in group. They generate twice as many procedural suggestions in resolving conflicts as men do. It is usually because females worked substantially harder than any other member in the group. When we look to the social-emotional behaviors, we can tell that women are more likely to meet the social-emotional needs of the group slightly more than men do. Women are rated as being more interpersonally warm during the first interactions then male leaders. Females using an authoritarian style of leadership were perceived less favorably than males using the same style. In decision making, women use a democratic or participative style than men. Men who worked 23 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova under women supervision were more opened for the leadership of a woman. Women value listening as a skill that makes others feels both comfortable and important. How women interact and what kind of way they are using: First of all, women have an equalitarian (a person who believes in the equality of all people) view among themselves. Secondly, women are described to be more cooperative and supportive, while their male counterparts tend to be more self-assertive and competitive. Thirdly, women desire leaders who are cooperative, empathetic, supportive, democratic, and calm. Fourthly, most women perceive leadership more as a facilitation and organization rather then power and dominance. If we summarize above written, females and males are equally effective leaders. In addition, female and male leaders are equally effective in conflict management styles. The only difference in female and male conflict management styles include age, education, and managerial  experience the leaders must share similarities to one another. Both, ‘men and women who have female bosses are more collaborative, and less aggressive than men’, Alice H. Eagly, Linda L.Carli, (2003). They seek consensus, emphasize team building, are more nurturing and empathetic, and are more approachable. However, males are still frequently rated more positively than females for the same behaviors. Men show more leadership, have higher-quality contributions, being more desirable for hiring, meriting a higher salary, and more responsible job. For the same behaviors females were rated as more emotional, less warm, less sensitive, and less attractive than males. Women have begun to increase their individual power, independence, assertiveness, and competitiveness. Male dominance is effectively reduced when people are reminded of their equalitarian attitudes. 24 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova Leaders are expected to create conditions under which collective learning and continuous improvement can occur. Achieving these knowledge-based outcomes depends on emotional or relational intelligence. It includes the next skills: self-awareness, listening, empathy, also learn from others and empower others. So, leadership based on individual achievement, focused on collective learning and mutual influence, also noted by egalitarian relational skills and emotional intelligence. Male and female can display individualism, assertiveness and dominance are socially attributed to men and generally understood as masculine. The interpretation of this event is to predict that the shift to new leadership practices will create a female advantage. But this process toward new models of leadership is more complex, because the shift is related to a gendered power dynamic, not just to gender. It is more interesting because it is about genderlinked shift in the very understanding of how to achieve business success. To investigate these involvements we need to understand the association of certain characteristics with masculinity and feminity and what has to do with the rules for business success. The main reason for that the way to view the social world divided into two spheres of activity: the public sphere, for instance work. And the private sphere – family and community. This way of seeing the world is so natural. For instance, labor in the work sphere is assumed to be skilled, dependent on training and labor in the domestic sphere. This gender separation of two spheres of life is significant in leadership. The ‘label feminine and masculine is attributed as certain characteristics’ and how to do good work in each sphere, Alice H. Eagly, Linda L.Carli, (2003). Women are active participants in the domestic area – family and men are active in the work area. These images of gender linked attributes are idealized, but have a powerful effect expected to act in each on how men and women act. Also how they are expected to act in each sphere and what 25 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova types of behavior are considered appropriate and inappropriate. The view of separate spheres helps us see that new models of leadership break some basic principles and beliefs about gender, power, individual achievement, also work and family. 5.5. Research study and finding ‘You gain strength, courage and confidence by every experience in which you really stop to look fear in the face. You must do the thing you think you cannot do’. Eleanor Roosevelt, This citation from web site: http://www.nwlink. com. I found out during my research study that there is a really nice concept about natural born leaders, it means born to lead. This finding opens view that both, female and male are natural born leaders and can lead followers willingly. This approach is a theory of male’s and  female’s leadership. That means leaders are people who can act according to the situations, be flexible, adaptive to the environment, and in compliance with the style of leadership. During research it is important to characterize who are leaders, what are gender differences, and leadership styles. As for leaders’ definition, they are people with concept of natural born leaders – born to lead. Leaders, both male and female, believe in their own actions and inspire followers for reaching goals. There is gender, which is a social construct, and there is what is referred to as a masculine or feminine leadership style. These leadership styles are based on how female and male are usually socialized, but a man or woman might use a masculine or feminine style. That’s why good leaders of both genders are able to use these styles according to the current or particular situation. All leaders have some preferred styles which their can use to approach things. Female and male leaders learn the skills by themselves and develop people around them with these strengths. The research study about females’ and males’ leadership shows that women, gender, and leadership mean very different things to different people. Therefore, some women still perceive 26 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova many barriers and challenges. Females usually have to work harder and perform better, but they are perceived as having more opportunities. Women in management are desirable because females bring a different style of leadership. For example, female bring a less aggressive and more intuitive style, also they tend to keep the authoritarian masculine style. These softer skills are more in demand today rather than the aggressive, dominating style of men. At the same time females need to be more motivated and encouraged by them and family because they fight for promotion. Since  women combine job with family, so they pursue their selfish ambition to place their careers ahead of family responsibilities. What the ways of leading and how female lead? Women managers are succeeding in leadership by drawing on what is unique to their experience as women. According to practice, men and women in similar managerial jobs make the same amount of money and experience. But in leadership styles there are differences: Male are much more likely than women to view leadership as a series of transactions with subordinates, and to use their position and control of resources to motivate their followers. Female, on the other hand, are far more likely than men to describe themselves as transforming subordinates’ self-interest into concern for the whole organization. Women are using personal traits like charisma, work record, and interpersonal skills to motivate others. Women leaders develop and practice interaction or interactive leadership. They are trying to make every interaction with coworkers, it is positive for all involved in participation, also they encourage, share power and information, make people feel important, and energizing them. In general, women have been expected to be supportive and cooperative. This is one of explanation why women leaders today tend to be more interactive than men. But interactive leadership should not be linked directly to being female, since some men use that style and some women prefer the democratic style. That is why female and male in 27 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova this are having similar features of leadership because organizations that are open to leadership styles with individuals’ strengths will increase their opportunities in a fast-changing environment. However, for women in leadership, it is very important to develop and keep interpersonal skills and professional competence, since it plays a big role in achieving results. There are some good suggestions how to make good and  quick decisions for women in business insight. The principle consists of skill’s set where men are consistently rated by bosses as outperforming women. Figure out how to increase profitable growth, customer retention and customer acquisition. Communicate effectively to people at all levels in organization, including a boss, colleagues, and subordinates. It is better to state the goals or successes in terms of how what people are doing helps the organization reach their key goal. If women get to the point, try do not lose control, state things in absolutes and not questions, so they are training their skills and as female-leaders learning how to overcome successfully. In addition, there are many females who learn and improve their business skills by networking. There are many attainments that women gain, practice skills which are needy for success in the business world. That’s why women are coordinating their calendars and setting a schedule to network. The information gained by networking can keep women informed of the latest trends. Women have unique ideas and their implement them during discussions with colleagues. The business experience that women have is tools for success in the business world. Some women network with their suppliers and distributors to find out what their thoughts are on getting a product to market. Women serve an active role at home and in the office, they are having skills to deal with conflicts that can occur. Women learn to balance job in business with a family life, 28 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova that’s why get out of obstacles and come up with a manageable solution. They learned these skills by networking with professionals. Therefore a growth of women in business increased. One of the reasons is that this rate of growth might be because the women set goals that they wanted to  reach. And, these women have taken an intensive and assertive step for taking positions of leadership. That’s why many women have remarkable rate of success in business. One of the positive reasons is that their goals included training that would prepare them to operate a business successfully. Women are applying for business at the same rate as male leaders. Women learn to guide the growth of their companies by using various resources at their disposal. Equity from a business perspective is considered as a measurement for the success and growth of a company. Women are successful in business because they are open to learn and get new skills. Women grow businesses better because developed patience in dealing with problems, also they learn to negotiate a successful outcome to any problems. The growth of women in business is increasing; some of them learned to manage money, budgets and operate with finance. Women are growing strong in the business world because they have a different management style, it is named as finance. The growing rate of successful women in business is due to their skills people that they do business with. They have confidence when work in the team and built a trust in everyone in the company. From the people that manage their finance to the people that deliver their goods, women know that their businesses will grow because it is personal to everyone at work. The analysis taken from my research study can be following. Females may try to be something other than what they are, adopting a masculine style, for example, and not being authentic can be a mistake for any leader. That’s why this way of leadership style can bring positive reflection and 29 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova results on own attitude, habits, goals, career opportunity. Leaders need to understand their strengths and their priorities, as well as the culture, policies, and systems around them. There are wonderful opportunities, but  this means women have enormous choices and a much broader range of prototypes to think about and analyze. Some of females are making progress in taking leadership roles in organizations. It is clear that women can go all the way to the top today. And it is clear that female leaders face some problems as others, including men. Female with a high potential are in incredible demand, so companies need to look at how to retain these women. However, for today, the drive to the equalitarian roles of male and female is not a fight against of men or women. Also, it is not a war against men and their rights, family life and mutual respect between the sexes. The equality model is that has as much relevance to a modern society. This equality is a delicate balance of power, respect and sharing of responsibilities between men and women. That’s why egalitarian style is making female and male an efficient and productive, flexible and effective. This is proof of the fact that the best leaders are married people; they are the best in leadership. For instance, men are best when they lead and provide for their families, at the same time they improve themselves through skills of leaders and contribute their positive impact to society and vice versa. Both male and female get leadership skills during their study, education, job experience, trainings, seminars, they obtain good characteristics as qualifications, intelligence, hard work, and so forth. The best leaders, female and male, use rationally and successfully all obtained skills according to their surroundings, job occupation, environment, situation. That’s why all the time the best females’ and males’ leaders are trying to keep the following: â€Å"They do the things they think they can not do†¦Ã¢â‚¬  30 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova 6. Conclusion In this thesis I wrote about leaders, leadership style and management, differences of male and female in leadership. I found out that many people are natural born leaders. They gain skills of leaders and learn leadership, both male and female. As for women, they are combining autocratic and democratic style of leadership. However, men and women have different social roles, for instance in the family and employment place. As for men, they are holding autocratic style of leadership, but it depends from sphere and location. Therefore, women’s and men’s leadership style interrelated with their roles. For example, women are keeping house and working, at the same time men are taking part in housing, but mostly they are making career and busy with job. The priority men are giving to their job occupation. Anyway, men and women have different characteristics and try to adopt each others’ style of leadership in order to be competent as leaders. Also, if male and female leaders are keeping skills of natural born leaders, such as ‘self-awareness, building rapport, clarify expectations’, develop others as leaders, ‘develop leadership influence skills’, to influence others follow willingly, create a motivating environment, so they are competent, desired, and essential as leaders in many spheres: business, politics, education, sport, and so forth. In addition, interpersonal skills and professional competence are important. Male and female could use these skills, and all above mentioned too, achieve results and reach their goals, it is very important for men and women. I would like to conclude my thesis by beautiful words which mostly related to business and sounded as meaningful expression: ‘Read Play Like a Man, Win Like a Woman’. (From the following web.site: http:// www.evancarmichael.com/Leadership/Women-Leadership.html). 31 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova Acknowledgement I would like to express my warm words as thanks to Dr. Professor Phillippe Daudi and Professor Mikael Lundgren for tutoring and suggesting in thesis writing, and to Program Coordinator Teresa Johansson for making good support during thesis procedures and studying. It is very interesting interactions among students and professors and teaching staff. It gives motivation for study research and positive reflection for the thesis writing. Besides, it was very interesting for me to be in a role of opponent for another male team of master thesis with similar topic, for the first time. I think it is an active process and good experience of study in international environment. The final seminars were essential and useful for understanding of different topics, and point of view of other students on the same things. Therefore, studying is an interesting progress of intellectual growth, it gives a new knowledge which can be used in further job occupation and development of own career. 32 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova References Alice H. Eagly, Linda L.Carli, The Leadership Quarterly 14 (2003) 807-834. The female Leadership advantage: An evaluation of the evidence, Article. Bennis, W., and Nanus, B., Harper Business, New Yourk, (2004). Leaders: Strategies for Taking Charge. Blank Warren, Saranac Lake, NY, USA: AMACOM, (2001). 108 Skills of Natural Born Leaders. Judith G. Oakley, Journal of Business Ethics, (2000), Gender-based Barriers to Senior Management Positions: Understanding the Scarcity of Female CEOs. http://www.albatrus.org/men_natural_leaders.htm, Men – natural leaders, by  Alan Barron. http://www.evancarmichael.com/Leadership/Women-Leadership.html.Women Leadership. http://www.leadershiparticles.net, Women In Business Network, Growth Rate Of Women In Business, by Jim Brown. http://www.sclmcoach.com, 2002, Women’s Style of Leadership, by Alicia M. Rodrigues. http://www.nwlink.com, quotes. http://www.wisdomquotes.com/cat_leadership.html. 33 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova Enclosure: Guide for Thesis writing (Summary) This is an enclosure for master thesis that I supposed to use for making research at the beginning. This guide was suggested to the thesis writing as guiding principle or instruction, that’s why it is left as reminder and direction in this enclosure. A short guide for thesis is as a summary of main points, which gives a view of the whole thesis. Starting from research area I would like to say that according to the thesis theme Female and Gender Leadership, it concern of male and female leadership styles and leads to narrow of research toward female leadership. Research problem and/or issue/question remain the same: What are the main distinctions of men and women leadership and management styles in the context of gender and leader role? How male and female hierarchies can bring to investigate leadership role in companies and organizations? I would like to add that this area and questions is very actual now, and will bring to female leadership, how women are implementing their leadership and management style and what kind of features and organizational culture their  hold. In another words, how women deal with leadership and management in the male-dominated world. The importance and implication of the research is both interrelated. Therefore, each research is important and will have results first of all for the writer/author, tutor, than for all interested in it parties. The importance of this research is a core for making investigation. The implication 34 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova should drive for using research methods and analyzes in order to conduct thesis writing in a way of doing own best. The usefulness and implication of this research consists of understanding of female leadership and further thinking about career, employment, etc. for women. Proposed methodology: I would like to use qualitative method for gathering relevant information and use an articles, books, and statistical information if it possible. To make analyzes of research data and formalize it to the answer of research question is one of the important issue during thesis writing. Theoretical context of the research (area/ topic/ question): The research area is male and female leadership and management. The object of study is men and women in the context of leadership and management, with further narrowing of female leadership and management style. While making research the different leadership theories can be reviewed and applied according to the necessity. As for feasibility, I believe that it can be done according to the thesis instructions and tutor’s feedback, advices, including own contribution to  the thesis investigation. The thesis is an important one and students will gain and improve their own research and writing skills. My vision of expected results is realistic and will be based on the chosen research question, methods and time plan (schedule of thesis writing). This thesis theme is interesting and could bring new knowledge about female leadership as a study for future perspectives of men and women leadership role. 35

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Early Childhood Education Program - Essay Example Creative Care Preschool is the ideal place for beginning learners. Armed with a sound philosophy, an efficient program and caring and efficient teachers and a conducive learning environment, this is where their bright future begins. Creative Care Preschool aims to reach the highest standards of quality for an early childhood center. It will provide the best developmentally appropriate programs for children aged 1.5 to 6.5 that will help develop children who are confident, others-oriented, creative and competent. The will have honed their skills to enable them to succeed in a globally competitive world. Creative Care Preschool advocates high quality care and education for very young children. It provides children several opportunities to experience learning first hand by themselves, with capable mentors and with their peers. Creative Care Preschool believes that God created each child in a unique and special way thus deserving LOVE and RESPECT. Each child is endowed with gifts, abilities and innately full of potentials, but in the process of â€Å"becoming† according to his own pace, interests and needs. A child learns best when he finds enjoyment in what he is doing, thus learning should be fun. PLAY is the world of children. Learning through play has value and is an effective method of teaching. Through play, a child develops his mental functions as he learns varied concepts, and at the same time he develops body coordination, he learns how to handle emotions, acquires social skills and values as he interacts with other children. All learning acquired by the child is an outcome of interactions between him and his environment (people, ideas and materials). A child is able to learn in an environment where there is freedom of movement and choice; this enables him to be an active participant in his learning as he initiates activities, asks questions, explores, observes, and socializes

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The retail revolutions in the UK and US. Similarities and differences, the winners and losers - Essay Example Undoubtedly, in the last several years, the retail industry has changed considerably just to get better and enhanced. Uprising in every aspect of production, distribution, technological, marketing and delivery have ultimately led to the revolution of the retail industry. This project would focus on this specific industry, the revolutions taken place in USA and UK, the similarities and differences of the retail markets in these two countries. The analysis would further lead to the identification of gainers and losers of this industry. Global Retailing Industry At the end of the 20th century, both North America and Europe have experienced the surfacing of the supermarkets to take prevailing grocery retail form. As the income level increases, the super marketers expanded their product range to seek convenience as well as new tastes and stimulus of the customers. In the later years, with the advancement of technology, introduction of barcode has enabled these stores to effectively manage number of merchandises and their prices (Anand & Nambiar, n.d., p.1-2). Furthermore, the retail stores have introduced 'just-in-time' store replacement and the capability to manage more individual product items. In the coming years, the logistical systems integrated store replacement and computer driven depots integrated in one single electronic system leading to the establishment of superstores. There have been a considerable amount of changes from the last decade to this date. One of the few similarities, which still remain same from the last decade, is that Wal-Mart still holds its top position with distinction across the globe. Other than the dominance of Wal-Mart, there is little or even negligible changes from that of the mid-1990s. The world economy has experienced a considerable amount of shift with changes in the retailer’s operating systems and consumer demand with the incorporation of enhanced technology. Furthermore, intensive competition, saturated customer base and limited legislation have pushed the leading food retailers to cross the borders. Since middle of the 1990s, a number of governments have encouraged their economies to open up, leading to the entrance of the foreign investment and free markets. The entire situation has become favourable for the leading retailers to expand further to capture the global market. In the wake of recent economic downturn, there has been cutback in the corporate IT expenses and other capital spending. Furthermore, the consumers have become more sensitive to the price as well as conservative in the buying behaviour. This has been more prominent in the advanced economies. The global recession has forced the retailers to look more into the cost more effectively. In the second half of the 1990s, the supply chain innovations have been stronger and have continued till date. In the recent times, change in the consumer preference would fuel the online retail services. As of now, the US has remained the biggest area for the online retail with around 37.2 percent of the total market share (IMAP, 2010, p 3-4). USA Retail Revolution The retail revolution of the USA started with the opening of departmental stores in the 1860s, and the constant evolution of the retail industry in USA continues till date. Historically, the production sector has been credited with all innovation and contribution to the growth of the society, and the retail

Evaluation 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Evaluation 4 - Essay Example ments projected against EBP and consequently suggesting possible reactions by practitioners, the study focused more on the critics from postmodernist movements. The sampling procedure adopted in the study is study is based on the level of fierceness of the critics who reason that EBP are actually detrimental to patient as they are flawed. The study is therefore purely set on available literature and therefore more of study on literature as against primary study. The study found that though the study of EBP faces critical limitation in evidence, critical thinking is inherent in supporting professionalism in nursing practice. Professional nursing manager are encouraged not to abandon EBP but involve critical thinking while embracing it. This study findings provide very strong support in the need to have critical thinking while adopting EBP in nursing. Evaluation on literature however would have presented a major challenge through biasness while it has the positive of being more comprehensive in information. Various factors were measured and the data collected and these were sources of nurse knowledge for their practice, barriers to achievement of evidence based practice as well as personal rating in capacity to deliver the evidence-based practices. These study findings provide very strong support in the need to adopt new approaches to nurses’ management roles especially with the junior nurses who feel inferior to the seniors. The main weakness in the study was the relatively low response rate of 42% and which would have meant increased risk of biasness. In studying the experience of nurses practicing in acute nursing care, qualitative descriptive design is adopted. Interview method was used in collecting the data from a sample of about 20 practicing nurses. The study involves four acute-care hospital within South East Florida with distinction on for profits and non-profit hospital. The criteria used for the choice of the hospital were the criteria of having

Vertigo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Vertigo - Essay Example Scottie is coerced into early retirement due to a duty incident that made him develop acrophobia. Acrophobia is entails very high fear levels of heights. Scottie also develops the vertigo effect, which is characterized by rotational motion and false sensation. Scottie is given the private investigator task by Gavin Elster, to monitor the strange behavior of his wife called Madeleine. The film applied effective techniques for screenplay development. One technique is the dolly zoom technique. Dolly zoom effect involves the in-camera effect which distorts perspective. The distortion aims at illustrating the disorientation effect that adequately communicates the acrophobia condition of Scottie (Sipos 76). The story in the film is communicated through pictures. The rooftop chase that led to the policeman’s death explains the imagery effect of the acrophobia and vertigo effect. The image shows Scottie attempting to manage his fear; however, his friend Midge Woods identifies severe emotional shock as the most appropriate cure for his condition. The attempts to manage the acrophobia and vertigo effect, aims at minimizing related accidents, traumas, fatalities and injuries, which arise from the condition. The screenplay shows Scottie following Madeleine, his wife. Madeleine shows physical and emotional characteristics of a person who is possessed. Scottie reluctantly follows Madeleine to the florist, then to Carlotta Valdes’ grave, and finally the art museum to stare at the Portrait of Carlotta. The mysterious nature of Madeleine is further illustrated when Scottie fails to find her at the McKittrick Hotel. A local historian communicates that the image of Carlotta is mysterious because she committed suicide. Gavin illustrates that Carlotta is the issue possessing Madeleine, and also that Carlotta is the great-grandmother of Madeleine. Dramatics

Translation Studies Lecture Essay Example for Free

Translation Studies Lecture Essay Introduction: Translation and Translation Studies Translation and Translation Studies (Definition and a brief history of the discipline) Hermes the god of thieves and liars is also the god of translation. But he has so many other tasks as the god of roads, commerce, travel (these can be connected to translation) as well as arts, magic and crafts not talking about matrimonial matchmaking†¦ A translator has, at least, as many tasks and roles when translating that I hope to show you this term. As a translator, Hermes is a messenger from the gods to humans. As an interpreter who bridges the boundaries with strangers he is a hermeneus. So the word â€Å"hermeneutics† for the art of interpreting hidden meaning can also be traced back to his name. (By the way in Greek a lucky find was also a hermaion. ) What is translation? 1/ oral form is called interpreting or interpretation 2/ written form is called translation that has roughly 2 main categories from our point of view: (a) specialized translation (b) literary translation (Task: Look up the word in different dictionaries and see how different explanations work) e. g translation (an on-line dictionary; mind the phrase underlined: do you agree? ) – a written communication in a second language having the same meaning as the written communication in a first language – a uniform movement without rotation (see the meaning of Hungarian word ‘forditas’); [cf. ‘What’s in a Word? ’ my lecture of April 08, 2007 now an article in Faces of English soon in print] – the act of changing in form or shape or appearance; a photograph is a translation of a scene onto a two-dimensional surface etc. The most common explanation: translation is the expression in one language (target language TL) what has been expressed in the source language (SL) Meaning: †¢ the notion of movement btw. languages †¢ †¦of some kind of content and context †¢ †¦of obligation to find â€Å"equivalents† (expression commonly used in the 1960s and ‘70s; linguistic schools) which â€Å"preserve† features of the original Is total equivalence possible? There is no absolute synonymy btw. words in the same language; even less btw. different languages (one of the causes some say it is impossible to translate). – sg. ‘lost’ or ‘gained’ in the process – translators ‘betraying’ the author’s intentions (cf: Hermes; Italian proverb: traduttore traditore). ’translator is a traitor’ ‘a fordito ferdito’ (Kosztolanyi ABECE a forditasrol†¦. Gondolat, 1957) The term Translation has several meanings: Translation – the general subject field, the abstract concept encompassing the other two Translating – the process, the activity (our main interests during the term) A Translation – the product, the translated text, the target language text A theory of translation must explain both the process and the product. Previously it was rather the product theorists tried to analyse, later interest turned towards the process, and translation today is as much about the translation of cultural, political, and historical contexts and concepts as it is about language. (cf. The cultural turn of the 1990s! the emergence of a new discipline called Cultural Studies that uses translation moreover literary translation as its main field of comparative analysis; all these have generated the emergence of an independent discipline called Translation Studies. ) Cf. [translation turn in Cultural Studies; translating cultures is not â€Å"cultural translation†; see Rushdie= a translated man] (LITERARY) TRANSLATION v v Linguistics (applied linguistics) Literature (comparative literature) Both fields dealt with it marginally and created their own translation theories, explanations (by researchers in linguistics and in literature but not translators! ) First linguists: looking for basic similarities in languages – computers, machine translation They try to understand the mental process of translation: what happens in the ‘black box’ the mind of the translator. (Input and output) 1)Psychological studies: cognitive science (a) perception (b) information processing (encoding and decoding of messages) ( c )memory 2)Language (concerned with psychological a social aspects) (a)psycholinguistics – the process in the mind of the translator focus on decoding and encoding (b)sociolinguistics – place SLT and TLT in their cultural contexts focus on the participants (nature of the message; how codes are used etc) (results made possible to create computer programmes that work in the case of simple systems such as METEO: weather forecast uses a relatively small vocabulary cf. Lecture 3. ) All translation is communication (and all communication is translation) The basic scheme (monolingual): 1/ receive signals containing messages in a communicative system 2/ deconstruct. 3/ reconstruct (vertical transfer e. g. historical epochs; horizontal transfer: e. g. social classes)–(cf. readers’ interpretation of a text) The basic scheme ( BILINGUAL ) The translator is a communicator, â€Å"a mediating agent† btw. 2 different languages – 2 different monolingual language communities; decodes message transmitted in one lang. and re-encodes it in another. The main diff. lies in the encoding, re-encoding process: †¢ the message must be re-encoded into a different language †¢ the same message as received †¢ aimed at a group of receivers who are not the same as the original sender  Faced by a text we have to work out 1) the semantic sense of words, sentences †¦ 2) its communicative value 3) its place in time and space 4) information about the participants involved both in its production and reception There are 6 questions to consider: 1 WHAT? – message contained in the text 2 WHY? – intention of the sender (purpose of the text issued; underlying structure : informing; persuading, flattering etc. but text usually possess more than a single function – multiple function – task of the receiver to find primary intention, function 3 WHEN? – time of communication realized in the text (e. g.historical context; past, present, future†¦) 4 HOW? – a) manner of delivery (serious, ironic); tenor of discourse b) medium of communication (channels: verbal, writing†¦); mode of discourse 5 WHERE? – place of communication (physical location realized in text) 6 WHO? Participants involved in communication (sender –source language, receiver –target language (reveal characteristics of speaker/writer as individual) Lets see the a model of communication in the case of translation proper: 1 translator receives signal 1 containing message 2 recognizes code 1 3 decodes signal 1 source language 4 retrieves message  5 comprehends message - 6 translator selects code 2 target language 7 encodes message by means of code 2 8 selects channel 9 transmits signal 2 containing message (Bell: 19). As a result: there are 2 codes, 2 signals 2 texts –2 sets of content (more than 1 message) as there is no 100% equivalence – 2 kinds of explanation Translation process: transformation of SL text into TL text by means of processes, which take place within memory 1) analysis of SL text (language specific) into a non-lang. specific, universal semantic representation (cf.  metatext) 2) synthesis of it into another lang. specific (TL) text Theory won’t solve translators’ problems but helps when looking for solutions in particular cases. (more conscious ). What is the unit of translation? Word, phrase, sentence, paragraph –but one has to have the whole text (with its special qualities) in mind when trying to find solutions! What is translation studies? A new academic discipline that is a) multilingual, b) interdisciplinary James Holmes defined it as â€Å"the complex of problems clustered round the phenomenon of translating and translation. It is really the discipline of the 1990’s: 1)a number of specialized translating and interpreting courses (in the UK. at least 20 postgraduate courses in 2000) and even more BA course at departments of translation in a number of European and non-European countries. / A smaller number of schools specialized in literary translation (but nearly everywhere in Europe! ) 2) conferences and workshops (organized by universities and international societies e. g. EST) 3) journals Babel (NL), Meta (Ca), Target (Israel/Belgium)†¦ 4) Publisher specialized on TS: Multilingual Matters, John Benjamins, Rodopi, Routledge, St. Jerome.

Arguments for and Against Juvenile Courts

Arguments for and Against Juvenile Courts Introduction In the United States we have two parallel systems that deal with individuals that commit crimes and or offenses against society. First we have the criminal justice system, a court which deals with adults who commit various crimes. Secondly, we have the juvenile justice system, a court designed especially for minors and is generally thought to help rehabilitate the offender. The salient difference between these two systems, as Mitcheal Ritter puts it, is the use of distinct terminology to refer to their similar procedures. State and federal legislatures intended this terminological variation to avoid stigmatizing children as criminals and to dissociate the juvenile system from the criminal justice system (Ritter 2010, 222). The major issue I intend to look at it is whether or not we should abolish the juvenile justice system. First, we will look at the position of keeping the current system, why it needs to stay in place, and why in the long run it is the most beneficial to the juvenile. Second, we will examine the research of Barry Feld, one of the most influential advocates on why it needs to be abolished because of the lack of constitutional rights that a juvenile does not receive while being tried under the Juvenile justice system. Thirdly, I will be looking at each partys positions and critiquing it to see it what the strong and weak points are. Finally, I will present my own opinion on whether to keep it, abolish it, or create a whole new system altogether. Presentation of Position A: Do Not Abolish the Juvenile System To try a juvenile in adult court is by no means the right decision. In this section we will look at evidence and arguments on why the juvenile justice system should not be abolished. Juveniles are different from adults and therefore should not be allowed to stand trial in the criminal justice system. Children are not well enough developed mentally, as compared to an adult, to be tried in the adult correctional system. This is why many people take the stance, no way should we get rid of the juvenile justice system. The director of the states (Washington) Bureau of Juvenile Detention Services is seeking to keep 16- and 17-year-old offenders out of the states criminal justice system (McNeil 2008). To lock up a child in an adult correction facility is by no means the right idea even if they are separate from the adults. If a juvenile commits an adult crime like robbery, theft or in most cases drug crimes, a quick fix is to incarcerate that individual in an adult prison to punish him and protect society. While this may work for adults, it is inappropriate for a youth. Advocates argue that we must keep the juvenile justice system because many studies also have found that significantly harsher punishments are meted out to juveniles in adult court when compared with juveniles in juvenile court, particularly for serious or violent offenses (Kurlycheck and Johnson 2010, 727). Sending a juvenile to adult court at such a young age can be problematic for the child, because the court wants to be strict with the child by showing them that their behavior will not be tolerated and because in adult court the child will miss out on educational and rehabilitative programs more readily available in juvenile detention facilities. Kurlycheck and Johnson argue that Juvenile courts are characterized by disposition optio ns that fundamentally differ from adult courts in their symbolic meaning, punitive and treatment alternatives, and punishment goals (2010). In a study in Pennsylvania, Kurlycheck and Johnson compared a sample of juveniles tried in juvenile court with juveniles who were transferred to adult court and showed that the adult courts were harsher on the juvenile: On average, their sentences were 80 percent more severe than for their young adult counterparts (Kurlycheck and Johnson 2010, 729). Juveniles should not be allowed to be tried in adult court because studies have shown that many juveniles function at levels similar to disabled adults who lack competence; not because of diagnosable mental health problems, but because of developmental immaturity (Katner 2006, 507). The theory that sentencing a youth to an adult prison will reduce recidivism and hope that the experience will scare him straight, is invalid. Research shows that experiences with adult jails and prisons show that those facilities may instill fear but are otherwise emotionally-and often physically-dangerous for youth (Butler 2011, 114). Finally, Frank Zimring argued that young law violators are less culpable, and thus deserve less punishment-no matter what kind of court might try and sentence them (Kurlycheck and Johnson 2010, 729). Kurlycheck and Johnson also confirm what Katner is saying by explaining that adolescents are at psychosocial disadvantages in terms of responsibility, peer influence, temperan ce, and perspective; they are less able to foresee future consequences of their actions (Kurlycheck and Johnson 2010, 729). Youths in the detention system have an average IQ of 85, as compared to the national average of 100, and about 60% in detention meet the criteria for at least one mental disorder (Butler 2011, 111). Research by Howard N. Snyder, Ph.D., director of Systems Research at the National Center of Juvenile Justice, shows that 68% of committed males were diagnosed with a mental health disorder, and research indicates that the percentage is greater for females in commitment facilities, 50% of committed males had a substance abuse diagnosis (Katner 2006, 509). If a youth has a mental illness then it is our responsibility to address those needs. A state has no right to refuse adjudicated juveniles. It is the juvenile justice systems legal and ethical responsibility to admit them, and make provisions for their safe and secure care and treatment (Smith 2012). The American Public Health Association found in their Cox proportional hazard study that better mental health services reduced the risk of initial and subsequent juvenile justice involvement by 31% (Foster, Qaseem, and Connor, 2004) and had stronger results with more serious offenders. Their findings said that improved mental health ser vices reduced the risk of juvenile justice involvement (Foster, Qaseem, and Connor, 2004). We must remember that the juvenile justice system is meant to reduce recidivism, help the individual with their struggles, and integrate them back into the community. When a juvenile offender is reintegrated into the community after a year being counseled, treated, and taught, the community is safer than it would be if that same delinquent youth were incarcerated for five years and released with no preparation to respect himself and society and to avoid repeating the same behavior. In Missouri, for example, only 8 percent of juvenile delinquents return to the justice system within three years; the national average is over 50 percent (House 2010). Decreasing recidivism has both immediate and long-term benefits. It has been estimated that juveniles who become adult offenders cost society between $1.5 and $1.8 million each (Macomber, Skiba, Blackmon, Esposito, Hart, Mambrino, Richie, Grigorenko 2010, 224). Therefore, successful education is one of the most important tools that a juvenil e can have while locked up. According to the Journal of Correctional Education, quality education and successful employment is viewed, unequivocally, as the most powerful tool in recidivism reduction, rehabilitation of juvenile delinquent [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦]into a socially productive, healthy, and happy adult (Macomber, Skiba, Blackmon, Esposito, Hart, Mambrino, Richie, Grigorenko 2010, 225). However, the article does note that the level of education that is delivered to juveniles while incarcerated is nationally recognized as being far from as effective as it should be. Society wants our youths to succeed, be successful, and be normal members of society. That is why many advocates believe in keeping them out of the criminal justice system because they want to help bring these individuals back into society. Advocates for this system believe that juvenile justice systems are the best because once a juvenile is locked up in an adult correctional system, that individual will have a criminal record that follows them for life, which would not be the case if they had been tried in family court (McNeil 2008). Once a child is labeled as a criminal in society (labeling theory,) not only will it be hard for him to apply for a job with his adult criminal record, he will also carry the label of criminal over his head while back in society. Presentation of Position B: Abolish the Juvenile System In this section we will be looking at why it is a good idea to abolish the juvenile justice system. Barry Feld is one of the major advocates for abolishing the juvenile justice system. He believes the system should be thrown out because juveniles are frequently not afforded their constitutional rights in juvenile court. Barry Feld, a law professor from the U of M and an expert on the juvenile justice system, says the juvenile justice system needs to be abolished. He claims that within the past three decades, judicial decisions, legislative amendments, and administrative changes have transformed the juvenile court from a nominally rehabilitative social welfare agency into a scaled-down, second-class criminal court for young people. These reforms have converted the historical ideal of the juvenile court as a social welfare institution into a penal system that provides young offenders with neither therapy nor justice (Feld 1997, 68). In light of these failures, Feld is proposing that the juvenile court be integrated into the traditional criminal court system. Feld talks about how the juvenile justice system lacks constitutional rights for youth offenders. Several important Supreme Court decisions help change and shape the criminalization of the juvenile court. In the case of In Re Winship,the court required states to prove juvenile delinquency by criminal laws standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt (Feld 1997, 73). In the U.S. Supreme court case of In Re Gault, the court said that juveniles accused of crimes must be afforded many of the same rights that adults get. These rights would be the 5th amendment of right against self-incrimination, the 6th amendment right to confront witnesses, the right to timely notification of the charges and the right to be represented by an attorney. Even though the Supreme Court ruled this way, Feld says that lawyers seldom appeared in juvenile courts and when the juvenile was on trial the judges did not advise juveniles of their rights and did not appoint counsel (Feld and Schaefer 2010, 330). Feld ci tes two associations, the American Bar Association and American Children at risk, that reported that many youths in the juvenile justice system were not represented by counsel and of the lawyers who represented juvenile lacked adequate training and failed to provide competent representation (Feld and Schaefer 2010, 330). If this would happen in the criminal justice system, the case would risk dismissal or being overturned on appeal. Even if a juvenile does have a defense lawyer, many attorneys seldom if ever appeal the decision of the juvenile court judge. Judges are continuing to allow juvenile rights continue to be trampled upon by allowing juveniles to waive their right to an attorney without allowing them to consult with one of their parents or an attorney. Feld and Schaefer say that in most states, judges gauge juveniles waivers of rights by assessing whether they were knowing, intelligent, and voluntary under the totality of the circumstances test. They rejected special procedures for youths and endorsed the adult standard to evaluate juveniles waivers of Miranda rights. When a juvenile is arrested or brought into custody, he should not be allowed to talk to anyone unless his parent or lawyer is present. Feld wants both the criminal and juvenile system to be combined into one in hopes to reduce many constitutional violations, such as a juvenile waving his right to Miranda warnings. He says that many juveniles do not understand a Miranda warning or counsel advisory well enough to make a valid waiver (Feld and Schaefer 2010, 331). This is a major risk for first time offenders because they may not know what they are agreeing to. Juveniles who have gone through the system before may start to get a grasp on the concept of Miranda about as well as adults but substantial minorities of both groups failed to grasp at least some elements of the warning (Feld and Schaefer 2010, 331). To help reduce these constitutional violations, Feld believes that state courts should adopt sentencing guidelines for juveniles, which now exist only in adult courts (Furst 1991). Feld believes that many sentences are based on where the juvenile lived than the crime (Furst, 1991). In Felds study, urban criminals face stiffer penalty, he found that urban juveniles receive harsher sentences for the same crimes than their rural and suburban counterparts (Furst 1991). Felt said that urban courts detained youths that were charged with felonies around the time; rural counties detained them one-tenth of the time and suburban counties one-thirteenth (Furst 1991). Feld says that no reasons exist to believe that rural youths are more competent than urban juveniles to waive legal rights, but rural judges appoint attorneys far less often than do their more formal, urban counterparts (Feld and Schaefer 2010, 332). Feld says that juveniles are very immature and lack a lot of experience. They requ ire the assistance of counsel to understand legal proceedings, to prepare and present a defense, to negotiate guilty pleas, and to ensure fair adjudications (Feld and Schaefer 2010, 350). How is it fair that adults can have lawyers present at their trial and not juveniles? He says that increased efforts to have lawyers present at juveniles trials have remained the same. Feld says that with his data from 1994 and 1999 have predicted the outcome for youths to receive attorneys present at trial. The data is quite surprising that youths convicted of felony and status offenses show a decrease in odds of representation, whereas youths convicted of misdemeanor offenses show an increase in the odds of having an attorney (Feld and Schaefer 2010, 349). One of the most important rights we have in our judicial system is the right to a jury trial. However, Feld argues is that while the right to a jury trial is a crucial procedural safeguard when states punish offenders, the vast majority of jurisdictions uncritically follow McKeivers lead and deny juveniles access to juries (Feld 1997, 87). When judges and juries apply Winship, the reasonable doubt standard, differently, it allows them to convict youths more easily in juvenile court than in adult criminal court with the same evidence. Feld say that the constitution as well as state juvenile statutes allow delinquents to have formal trials with attorneys present. But in reality the actual quality of representation that the juvenile receives is far from optimum. One of his reasons for abolishing the juvenile justice system is because the criminalization of juvenile courts, most states provide neither special procedures to protect youths from their own immaturity nor the full panoply of adult procedural safeguards. Instead, states treat juveniles just like adult criminal defendants when treating them equally places youth at a practical disadvantage (Feld 1997, 87). Feld argues that some scholars believe that rehabilitative juvenile court or a juvenile version of a criminal court simply will not work as their supporters intend (Crawford 2001). Because of this, Felt proposes that an integrated criminal court would be a better solution. He believes this model is the best because society recognizes youths as being less mature and more susceptible to peer influence (Crawford 2001) so the court could offer what he calls youth discounts for sentencing. This would take into consideration the youths age and apply it towards his crime. In his model he is not talking about crime reduction, remove what he considers to be the drama of waivers to adult courts (Crawford 2001). Feld claims it will remove double talk and hypocrisy because justice officials claim rehabilitation as their goal when the reality of their actions is coercion and punishment (Crawford 2001). As long as the youth discount is integrated into the criminal court system, it can provide yout h offenders with better legal protection, ensure they are granted the same constitutional rights that adults get, and most importantly, that juveniles would receive humane consequences from judges. Feld agrees that youths do deserve shorter sentences compared to adults when being tried for comparable crimes. However, there does not need to be separate courts for this. Feld says that the juvenile court system will not survive because it represents a temporary way-station on the road to substantive and procedural convergence with the criminal court (Feld 1997, 132). For both of these court systems to work, Feld says there must be an integrated criminal justice that formally recognizes adolescent as a development continuum may effectively address many of the problems created by our binary conceptions of youth and social control (Feld 1997, 132). Critique of Positions Advocates for the juvenile justice system believe that juveniles should have their own court system. In order for the juveniles to be properly protected, educated and rehabilitated, there cannot be two systems. Many juveniles are not sufficiently mentally developed to stand trial in the adult court system. Recall that The American Public Health Association said that better mental health services reduced the risk of initial and subsequent juvenile justice involvement by 31% (Foster, Qaseem, and Connor, 2004). Once the juvenile entered the detention center and was given appropriate care and treatment, the risk of juvenile justice involvement in the future was reduced. Many advocates argue that we must keep the juvenile justice system because many studies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ have found that significantly harsher punishments are meted out to juveniles in adult court when compared with juveniles in juvenile court, particularly for serious or violent offenses (Kurlycheck and Johnson 2010, 727). The study said that of the juveniles tried in adult court, about 80% received harsher punishments compared to their youth counterparts. In order for us to have fair trial systems we cannot try youth with the same standards of adult. Advocates also believe that a juvenile should not be locked up in any adult facility because it would set the child up for more harm from stronger and more powerful adults. Research has shown that experiences with adult jails and prisons show that those facilities may instill fear but are otherwise emotionally-and often physically-dangerous for youth (Butler 2011, 114). I do not see any advantage to put a juvenile in the same cell or facility of another adult. The juvenile justice system is meant to rehabilitate the offender, not make him worse. We want the child to come out better than when he went in. In the adult court the minor would leave with a criminal record which could negatively affect his chances at getting a job once released. In juvenile court their record is usually protected. I do agree with what Feld says about having a juvenile be granted his constitutional right to an attorney, jury trial and correct understanding to Miranda warnings. He makes a big case about how juveniles are rarely granted these rights. I strongly agree with Felds statement regarding this. Many of these youth are waving their right to an attorney without the knowledge of what the consequences might be. Because some judges are allowing this to happen in the juvenile court, Feld make a convincing argument for these youth to be tried in an adult court. This may prevent any further constitutional violations. If an adult was treated this way, the case would have a high probability of being thrown out. If a juvenile is not granted these rights, there is no way he can expect a fair trial. Feld is correct that courts need to follow In Re Winship and In Re Gault. These are the rights granted to the juvenile, for a judge not to follow them would be unprofessional and most of all unconstitutio nal. Feld says that the juvenile court system will not survive because it represents a temporary way-station on the road to substantive and procedural convergence with the criminal court (Feld 1997, 132). I do not agree with this at all. In the juvenile justice system is designed help rehabilitate the offender, if the system is to work correctly; it will not be a temporary way-station. I do recognize that there are some fall backs to the system, but it needs to be run correctly. The idea of youth discounts, if implemented correctly could work. However judges might over abuse their power towards the juvenile. These youth discounts would be totally up to the discretion of the judge. This could pose a problematic issue for the youth if the judge does not follow the guidelines of youth discounts. If judges cannot follow constitutional guidelines of Winship and Gaulti do not believe they would be able to follow a rule of youth discounts. Feld has a good idea behind his youth discounts, however I do not believe judges would follow these rules. His last argument is that youths do deserve shorter sentences compared to adults when being tried for comparable crimes. If the juvenile system is abolished this concept would have to be enforce. I still see it being problematic for the child to serve time in an adult facility. We want to rehabilitate the child, not solely focus on punishing him or her. There is no telling how this system would be implemented. A judge could use this power to unfairly sentence certain youth to longer sentences the he deems necessary. As I have stated earlier, juveniles have different maturity and educational levels compared to adults. That is why many of these youths still need to be tried in a system where a judge is specialized in juvenile crimes. Authors Position Now that we have had a chance to examine the arguments for and against abolishing the juvenile system, our issue is which side should we take and why? It is difficult to pick one side, and therefore I propose a hybrid version. Using strengths from both sides, I believe we can come to a conclusion that will be most beneficial for the juvenile, and our court system, and one that will meet constitutional standards. In order to accomplish all of this we will be looking at concepts, resources, and management. Applying all three of these criteria we will be able to see why the combination of them will result in the best outcome. We will be ending the juvenile system as it currently exists, but instead of getting rid of it all together, there will be some changes to the adult system to help incorporate these new guidelines. As I have stated multiple times above, our concept of the juvenile justice system is to rehabilitate the offender and get the child ready to be brought back into society again. If the juvenile justice is to work correctly it would give the juvenile the necessary skills to be brought back into society. Society accepts this concept because the juvenile is still young, and society is willing to give that individual another chance. Society believes this because the juvenile is put under the obligation to grow himself/herself to be fitted to the perceived values of the society. If this is done successfully, the concept of rehabilitation has worked successfully Currently the juvenile justice system needs to be combined with parts of the adult system to work effectively. Mainly, the concept of having a fair trial is something all adults get in adult court. The juvenile justice system offers the minor educational and mental help through trained and effective services; something that the adult court rarely offers. It has also been stated that the juvenile dentation centers are better at offering rehabilitate skills through classes such as anger management which is essential to any delinquent wanting to enter society again. If the juvenile was just thrown into an adult correction facility, there is a slim chance that he would have access to the proper education that he would need. It is unlikely that the adult system has classes targeted for their needs. As I have stated earlier from the research, juveniles are far less mental and educationally developed compared to adults, that is why a system to house juveniles is still the best system. The a dult system houses individuals from 18 on up. If the delinquent is rehabilitated in a facility with individuals his own age, this might provide a better learning environment. The adult system is more focused on punishing the individual for their crimes and second, to possibly rehabilitated the adult offender. In a juvenile dentation center, their main goal is to rehabilitate the offender, not solely punish them for their crimes. Therefore, the juvenile justice system must take into account the opportunity to grow as a good person without any kind of stigma attached. Part of their rehabilitative process might involve apologizing to the victim. This would result in no father threat to the victim, and help the offender to know the impact of his crime. The last concept is if the juvenile is to be properly rehabilitated he needs to be in a safe environment, one that is targeted for his age group and level of education. While in the detention center, he or she is given the chance to learn and be properly educated, a skill that he or she might not have received while in the outside world. Barry Feld makes a convincing argument for abolishing the juvenile justice system with his argument that it does not afford the juvenile his constitutional rights. He believes that in order to fix this issue, the juvenile justice system need to be abolished and merged with the adult system. We are using Felds idea to merge the system but not abolish the resources and many benefits that come with the juvenile justice system. We will be using not one system but a hybrid of both. We must think of it as a system that only exists on paper not in different court systems. To award trial by jury, Miranda warnings, and the right to counsel only to adults does not represent a fair and balanced justice system. Juveniles must have the same rights that adults are entitled to. If an adult was arrested, questioned by police, brought to court without legal representation and informed the judge of all these violations, the case and evidence would be thrown out. That is why when creating this hybrid system we are using Felds resource of the adult court to create a new justice system for juveniles to ensure they are awarded all the rights adults are. First and foremost, juveniles must be accorded their constitutional rights. Juveniles are by definition young, inexperienced, and not as mentally and emotionally developed as adults. Special protections must be given to them to insure that they are granted their rights. Judges are continuing to allow juveniles to waive their right to Miranda when many are not aware of what they are without a parent or legal advisor. Juveniles who have gone through the system before may start to get a grasp on the concept of Miranda about as well as adults but substantial minorities of both groups failed to grasp at least some elements of the warning (Feld and Schaefer 2010, 331). Even if a lawyer was appointed, they (the lawyer) seldom appeared in juvenile courts and when the juvenile was on trial the judges did not advise juveniles of their rights and did not appoint counsel (Feld and Schaefer 2010, 330). Feld makes a major point of In Re Winship and In Re Gault (discussed above) to prove that even though these are laws exists, many courts overlook or ignore them, ultimately denying juveniles their rights to a fair trial. Constitutional rights cannot be overlooked, which is why I believe Felds argument of abolishing the juvenile justice system as it stands has merit, and the advantages of the adult system must be incorporated, without the negative consequences to juveniles. I propose that no juvenile be allowed to waive his Miranda rights without first consulting with a court appointed attorney. I further propose that no juvenile be allowed to waive his right to attorney, as can be done in adult court. Every juvenile should be represented by an attorney throughout the case. I propose that the juvenile have the right to a trial by jury in all felony offenses. If the offense is a misdemeanor or gross misdemeanor, the juvenile would still be tried before the juvenile court judge. In both misdemeanor/gross misdemeanor and felony level offenses, however, the dispositional alternatives would be within the traditional juvenile court system. There would be no adult sentencing in any misdemeanor/gross misdemeanor offense, and no adult sentencing for felony level offenses without the juvenile being certified to stand trial as an adult. Without good dispositional alternatives, we will not be able to make our hybrid juvenile system work. I am using this hybrid system to represent all non-serious crimes. One of the most important systems that needs to be retained is the educational system. As discussed earlier, successful education is one of the most important tools that a juvenile can have while locked up. If this is eliminated any hope of rehabilitating the juvenile goes out the window. One of the main goals of the juvenile justice system if to reduce the recidivism rate and to rehabilitate the individual with the skills necessary to return them to society. This will require enhanced special education opportunities. Many of the juveniles who are incarcerated have an average IQ of 85, as compared to national average of 100. So, even if they did attend public school, one study put their literacy skills [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] at least one standard deviation or two years behind (Macomber, Skiba, Blackmon, Esposito, Hart, Mam brino, Richie, Grigorenko 2010, 225) their school mates in the same grade. To make sure this educational program will work, part of what I am proposing is that the court must require these individuals to participate. Math and reading are generally key important educational programs, but the detention facility also needs to offer other programs such as anger management, developing social skill, and educational classes on a variety of areas that the juvenile might lack. If the juvenile does not agree to these terms and conditions, they will be tried in adult court and sentenced to the adult correctional facility. It is not just education that many of these juveniles lack. Some 68% of committed males were diagnosed with some kind of mental health disorder, along with 50% of committed males having a substance abuse diagnosis. If these juveniles were put into the adult program, these issues might not ever be recognized or if they were, risk a high chance of never being treated. We need to provide adequate psychological support services to those who need them. If a youth has a mental illness then it is our responsibility to address those needs. A state has no right to refuse adjudicated juveniles. It is the juvenile justice systems legal and ethical responsibility to admit them, and make provisions for their safe and secure care and treatment (Smith 2012). If these mental issues are treated right now versus in the future, it very well might drastically reduce the recidivism rate. It has been estimated that juveniles who become adult offenders cost society between $1.5 and $1.8 million each (Macom ber, Skiba, Blackmon, Esposito, Hart, Mambrino, Richie, Grigorenko 2010, 224). This will ultimately be a substantial saving to the taxpayers, free up the jail for serious offenders, and get juveniles the help that many of them desperately need. One of the